The EdOdyssey Educator: Pride Month Newsletter - June

Dear EdOdyssey Community,

Inclusivity has always been at the core of EdOdyssey, and this June, our entire newsletter is dedicated to celebrating the LGBTQ+ community and sharing helpful information for LGBTQ+ students and travelers. 

Below you’ll find student stories, information, and a personal message from me about why this month is so important to me and my entire team.

Happy Pride,

-Peter McGovern, President & Global Founder

The Meaning Behind The Letters

What does “LGBTQ+” mean?

The initialism, “LGBT”, for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender has expanded to be more inclusive of the entire community.

Learn about this acronym in our recent Instagram post

Five Questions For Our Community

Better understanding your identity abroad

If you're a LGBTQ+ student interested in study abroad but aren’t sure where will be a great fit for you, we're here to help.

Here are 5 questions to help you find the perfect study abroad location

Identifying as LGBTQ+ Abroad

Learning from the study abroad student POV

One of our former study abroad students, Johanna, shares her perspective as a member of the LGBTQ+ community. Take a look at how her semester abroad in Lima, Peru provided her with unique insights into her identity, her relationship with others in the program, and her connection with the local culture.

Read Johanna's story here

EdOdyssey Proud

Why pride means so much to EdOdyssey leadership and our team, a personal message from Peter

"I've lived, worked, and studied in virtually every corner of the globe. And I've lived in countries where it wasn't possible to be authentically me. In fact, in some cases, where it was even illegal. But despite this, I can say confidently that travel has changed my life for the better. It's something that I think everyone should do and deserves to do.”

Featured Blog of the Month

Study Abroad Guide & Key Questions For LGBTQ+ Members

The cultural enrichment and eye-opening experiences that come with study abroad prompt questions which make students reflect on who they are and their place in the world.

Our team supports students through their own self-discovery and wants to make them feel as comfortable as possible while abroad.

For more information, please explore our LGBTQ+ Student Resource Blog

Want more EdOdyssey news and updates?

Supporting LGBTQ+ Study Abroad Students: Questions and Resources

Please note that in this blog, we often use the plural “they/them/theirs” when referring to all prospective study abroad students.

LGBTQ+ students who go abroad face questions when evaluating study abroad options and opportunities. Before considering a study abroad experience, each student should consider how his/her/their program prospects will support him/her/them throughout his/her/their international experience experience.  

Students will confront questions throughout their experience abroad, and the questions to support each of them during pre-departure and throughout their respective experience abroad below:

PRONOUNS: How do students identify and what pronouns do they use? 

The way that students see themselves and their identity matter to us. Our team members identify their own pronouns in their emails. All of our study abroad students are encouraged to share their own in their emails as well so everyone feels comfortable with sharing their identity.  

COMING OUT: Do students want to share their identity as a member of the LGBTQ+ community? How can students go about doing this? 

When it comes to the identity of our students, who they are, and how each of them see themselves in the world, they will each have a dedicated local in-country team who wants to learn about each student to help him/her/them to embrace his/her/their identity.

Students are encouraged at any point during our pre-departure or on the ground with one of our EdOdyssey team members to come out if they choose to do so. 

REFLECTIONS: When will students have a chance to express themselves and identity during their program?

During our short-term study abroad programs and our excursions, we have reflections at the end of most daily meet ups and at the end of each day during excursions to share thoughts and unpack feelings about what we’ve learned.

These reflections create a safe space that allows each student to share their experiences based on their identity. Every student is welcome to share as much or as little as they’d like!

LIVING SITUATION: Do students want to come out to their roommates and/or homestay family?

Our local team encourages students to embrace who they are, and if a student decides to come out, then students are welcome share that with our team so we can support it accordingly.

For our accommodations, we offer different types of lodging depending on the different programs that we offer for international programs so see which one is most applicable to you below:

Semester Programs (Dorms) - As a part of your semester study abroad living situation, all students living in dorm-style housing will fill out a roommate matching survey. Our local team will find the best roommate possible based on our roommate matching criteria. 

Semester/Short-Term Programs (Homestays) - If you have a homestay as a part of your program, your local in-country team will support you to come out to your homestay family. Our team members can help facilitate conversations to allow students to speak in their native language or provide students with tips on how to approach the conversation if they prefer to engage their homestay family directly. 

Short-Term Programs (Hotels) - If you stay in a hotel, or other type of accommodation such as as hostel as indicated in your program itinerary, you’ll be matched with a fellow classmate based on sex. 

Generally speaking, we welcome feedback and input from our US-based partner institutions to support us in finding the best housing/homestay match possible for our students.

LGBTQ+ Community Abroad: Do students wish to be part of a supportive LGBTIQ+ community abroad? Are there LGBTIQ+ organizations on their host campus or in the community?

If students would like to share your experiences with fellow study abroad classmates as a group or other individuals, please contact your in-country coordinator to support. 

As an organization, we encourage open communication between our participants, our local team members, and partners to create an environment that facilitates learning, mutual respect and understanding. 

HEALTH & SAFETY: What if a student doesn’t feel safe sharing certain details about their identity? What if I feel that a participant feels that they are a victim of discrimination? 

If any student(s) encounter challenges, or that he/she/they are a victim of an aggression (physical or psychological), our local teams will provide him/her/they with help, guidance and facilitate any additional professional support, if applicable. 

Our team provides 24/7 Emergency Health & Safety support throughout the duration of every student’s EdOdyssey experience. Students are provided with health and safety contact numbers to our team and other important local contact numbers to see to student health and safety.

When it comes to identity-focused questions, our organization encourages all of our participants to share as much or as little as they’d like. Our local team will always have certain emergency contact and personal information to help ensure student health and safety abroad.

LAWS & NORMS: What are laws and cultural norms surrounding relationships and dating in the LGBTQ+ community where students are studying abroad?

Throughout the pre-departure process and in-country experience, each student receives on-going advising with our local team. During pre-departure advising, study abroad participants have a time to ask questions, request details and have an opportunity to engage in discussion with our team on what it’s like to build friendships and connections abroad. 

Each country and culture has different social expectations, and as a part of our semester programs, our local teams provide students with a detailed handbook. This resource shares information and tools regarding cultural insights and norms, in addition to key 24/7 emergency local support numbers.

At no point will any student be asked to disclose personal information, relationship statuses, gender identities or other personal information not relevant to details EdOdyssey teams for reservations or not related to supporting health and safety of students. 

DOCUMENTATION: If the gender and identity of a student is different from the sex listed in legal documents, or if a student is in the process of transitioning, what types of obstacles potentially face with travel, immigration, and documents?

As a part of all of our programs, if visa processing is required, our local team will help provide support. As each participant in our program fills out paperwork, he/she/they will have the guidance in filling out any necessary documents for academic coursework and if any other relevant relevant paperwork to the experience abroad.

STUDY ABROAD IN SICILY AND FLORENCE:  Is Italy considered an LGBTQ+ friendly country? 

Since 1861, Italy has been one of the European countries with a pretty progressive legislation for promoting and protecting the inclusivity of gender. At the same time, there are some areas of Italy where discrimination continues to have a presence due to cultural factors.  In particular, some of the main reasons why Italy has experienced some reluctance to embrace diversity can be attributed to some strong gender stereotypes due to a mixture of deeply rooted patriarchal and Catholic culture.

Intrepid Travel EU shares some additional insights into Italian culture as it relates to the LGBTQ+ community:

“Italy is largely accepting and welcoming of those who identify on the LGBTQIA+ spectrum. Travelers visiting high-touristed areas such as Milan, Venice, Florence and Rome should have no problem in expressing themselves and enjoying a hassle-free holiday.”

“LGBT couples should have no issues expressing themselves in a respectful way when in public. In more rural and regional areas, overt displays of affection can attract negative attention, as smaller towns tend to be more conservative and less accepting. Homosexuality is much more accepted in the north than the south; however, tourist hotspots, such as Capri and Taormina in Sicily, are well-known as LGBT-friendly”. 

In Florence, one of our study abroad semester locations, there is a branch of ArciGay that identifies itself as the leading Italian non-profit organization for the LGBTQI+ community, which recently opened its new headquarters this past June 2021. 

Most importantly, our team in Italy and local partners are happy to support students and help facilitate communication if students have any questions or need more information.

STUDY ABROAD IN LIMA:  Is Peru classified as a LGBTQ+ friendly country? 

It is inevitable to mention that this society remains conservative and sometimes eclectic when discussing the rights of people in the LGBTQ+ community. According to the 2019 Periodic Risk Intelligence and Security Monitor (PRISM) Executive Summary, Peru is ranked as one of sixty-six countries ranked as moderate in terms of risk ratings and trend analyses. As one of major South American cities, Lima has a diverse mix of ethnicities and nationalities with people coming from different parts of the world. 

However, Peru as a country maintains its strong conservative, Catholic traditions and continues to work toward providing more equal opportunities for its LGBTQ+ community but the progress has been slow moving. Over the last decades and years, Peru has taken important steps concerning this issue and is increasingly open and inclusive. Their Peruvian Congress has had openly lesbian and gay members who work to expand access to rights in the country, but continue to face opposition in passing and ratifying laws to recognize same-sex marriage and laws condemning forms of discrimination against members of the LGBTQ+ community. 

At EdOdyssey, we have hosted student abroad alumni and interns from the LGBTQ+ community who have expressed their love for the Peruvian culture. Please see our post about our study abroad alumnae, Johanna M., who shares her experience in Lima, Peru. 

LGBTQ+ RESOURCES

Please take a look at the materials that provide additional insights in how other organizations, institutions, and their members support the LGBTQ+ community as well below:

Arcigay Firenze: Learn more about this Italian non-profit that supports the LGBTQ+ community through advocacy on issues facing its members around Italy.  

The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, & Transgender U.S. Peace Corps Alumni: Gain insights into LGBTIQ+ individuals who served as Peace Corps Volunteers abroad, including information about their experiences abroad. 

The International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission: Shares information about human rights campaigns related specific countries around the world regarding sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression.

LGBT Student Guide for Education Abroad: Provides insights, resources and materials from a University of South Florida undergrad perspective. 

LGBT Travel Information: Explore US State Department resources and materials that provide the LGBTQ+ community with information with information to know before going abroad.

National Center for Transgender Equality: Provides transgender people with advice on how to navigate air travel. 

International Gay and Lesbian Travel Association connects and educates LGBT travelers and the businesses that welcome and support them along the way. All members can customize their travel experience and share it with others.

Out Traveler: Learn more about LGBT-focused locations and events.

The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, and Intersex Association: Shows research related to legislation and laws specific to gender expression/identity and sexual orientation. 

Is Italy LGBTQIA+ friendly?: Read more from Intreprid Travel EU about their insights into living in Italy as a part of the LBGTQ+ community.

The Fund for Education Abroad: Providing LGBTQ+ students studying abroad an opportunity to access additional funds through their Rainbow Scholarship. 

We want to thank the University of Denver for providing us some inspiration, resources and information from their Inclusiveness Abroad Page! 

LGBTQ+ Experience in Peru: Johanna's Alum Perspective

Guest Author: Johanna M., one of our alumni from that spent a semester studying abroad with EdOdyssey shares her experience and insights from her time living and studying in Lima, Peru.

A few weeks into my Spanish Immersion program, taking classes during the day and going on local tourist outings in the afternoon, my friend asked our Spanish professor what the word for “gay” was in Spanish. In Texas, where I’m from, I’d been taught the word “homosexual,” which I volunteered as an answer when he asked.

JOHANNA’S PERUVIAN EXPERIENCE ABROAD

One of the teachers from the language school during my orientation corrected me and said that in Perú, the word “gay” is much more commonly used. I remember smiling and thinking, “wow, that’s so much more normal”. Later, she said something that struck me to my core: “El matrimonio de los gays no es legal en este país,” or “Gay marriage is not legal in this country."

While obviously, I was not planning on getting married during my study abroad semester, I was immediately reminded of the day I celebrated the legalization of gay marriage in the United States. In 2015, while I was a Junior in high school, the Supreme Court ruled that it would be the law of the land. I had become so comfortable already with my right to be seen as an equal under the law that I was crushed to realize I wouldn’t be viewed or treated in the same way in my new host country.

Public displays of affection, especially for young people, are very commonplace in Perú for straight couples. I would see literally hundreds of young couples at my college during the day, but later, I’d always ask my Peruvian friends and host family, “Donde están los gays?”, or “Where are the gay people?”.

THE LGBTQ+ COMMUNITY & MY PERUVIAN EXPERIENCE

I didn’t realize before I lived in a country without a very visible queer population, how important it was to really see LGBTQ+ people in public spaces. 

The first time I went to a gay club in Perú, and realized I could find the same love and acceptance there, I felt for the first time in a long time that I could be open about who I was. Talking to my friends, to other young Peruvians who are more progressive seeking out queer spaces gave me islands of safety. I felt excitement to actually embrace my LGBTQ+ identity and meet other queer people like me.

What I learned about visibility, in these spaces, wasn’t just how important it was to see other LGBTQ+ people. I also learned how important it was to me that I take on that challenge and be more visible in normalizing being gay everywhere I went.

MY EXPERIENCE & WHO I AM TODAY

As weird as this may sound, without my experience in Perú, I don’t know if I’d be as connected to that part of my identity. I’m truly grateful for all of the opportunities and experiences I had in Perú to learn about all of the cultures that were new to me, and not just the ones we read about in travel guidebooks.

From everyone at EdOdyssey, we hope that Johanna’s story provides insights into how her impactful experience abroad has helped her discover and connect with her identity. Our team continues to help foster understanding with students and their peers through engaging them throughout the process of admissions, pre-departure and especially during the study abroad experience.

To see how we support all of our program participants from the LGBTQ+ community, please see our blog Study Abroad & Supporting The LGBTQ+ Community for more information.

Want more information about study abroad?

The EdOdyssey Educator: May 2021 Newsletter

Teacher Appreciation Week

Sharing our love for teachers with our community.

Earlier this month, we expressed our gratitude for educators. They’ve gone around the world with us, and their work in and out of the classroom inspires their students to take on challenges while abroad.

To our faculty chaperones and to all teachers, we continue to give thanks for the pivotal role that you’ve played in our lives. Best of luck as you finish up the school year!

See how we started Teacher Appreciation Week on Instagram.

Participation in Global Panel Discussion

Sharing an international perspective to Boston community & beyond.

The Boston Area Study Abroad Association (BASAA) invited our own Luis Garcia to provide his Peruvian perspective in their worldwide virtual panel discussion on “Navigating Study Abroad in a COVID-19 World”. Over 100 attendees from around the globe gained unique insights into some of Peru’s public policy and the communication between medical providers and the local community in Lima.

This week, Luis started sharing his knowledge and passion for culture with our Latinx Patient summer cohort of aspiring and current healthcare workers.

Learn more about why cultural competencies matter in our Latinx Patient program.

Program Highlight: Florence Semester Abroad

Highlighting what makes the home of the Renaissance a special place.

World renown art, famous sculptures, and ancient streets have inspired generations of locals and global citizens. Around this time of year, the end of the spring season fills the region of Tuscany with warm weather and breathes even more life into the city.

We’re excited to share the beauty and history of this world famous city with students during our semester program this upcoming school year.

This Month’s Program Reminders & Deadlines:

• Latinx Patient Program Application: Fall Registration - Enrolling

• Florence Study Abroad Application: Fall Deadline - May 30, 2021

• EdOdyssey Semester Airfare Promo: Fall ‘21 & Spring ‘22 - Available

Featured Blog of the Month:

“Why Your International Friendships Will Last A Lifetime”

This month, we reflect on what makes study abroad connections so special. If you’ve studied abroad, or you’re thinking about it, you’ll gain insights into the timeless value of interpersonal connections that come from an experience abroad.

Read the full blog

Developing Your Study Abroad Personal Project: 3 Steps for Student Success

Guest Post By Narda Antón - EdOdyssey’s Academic Advisor (Peru)

As a part of EdOdyssey’s semester study abroad, each student has the opportunity to create a meaningful personal project. Studying a semester abroad can be one of the most important experiences of your life, and you’ll want to have a piece for your professional portfolio that differentiates you from other study abroad students and young professionals.

When you walk away from this experience, you’ll come away with a unique project that showcases your passions and skills. With EdOdyssey, you have the opportunity to learn more about the local culture and improve your Spanish and show your academic knowledge.

I’m at the front of the classroom walking students through Personal Project process!

At Pontificia Católica del Perú (PUCP), you’ll gain local knowledge from your classes and experiences outside of the classroom. Most importantly, you will also be able to develop a personal project that you can bring home and share with your professional prospects in the future. 

Your unique project will create engagement with the local community as you research a topic that interests you during your semester in Lima. Each student develops each project during a semester and I, as the academic coordinator, will guide them through the whole process.

Below are three main steps that I recommend to my exchange students to accomplish an excellent personal project:

STEP 1: Choosing Your Personal Project Topic

For you to choose the topic of your personal project, you should keep these three key questions in mind:

What topic would I like to explore during my student exchange abroad?

In the initial stages, you will have three topics that you like and you have worked on at your university. Then, you will identify which topic best  fits the reality of the country where you will study and if it is possible to consider it for your personal project.

The topic you will choose will be developed during your semester abroad. You will have to write at least a 10 page essay and make a final presentation for your exchange peers at the end of the semester.

For this reason, it is important that you take into account how accessible and easy it will be to obtain information about the topic you are going to research. For example, some former exchange students chose an interesting topic that they developed in their classes at PUCP and even had the chance to talk to their professors and receive recommendations about their project.

How will my personal project contribute to my exchange experience?

One of our study abroad alums loves dogs and studied Sociology. Her personal project analyzed dogs in different neighborhoods in Lima!

During your exchange, you will have the opportunity to do different activities such as playing sports, taking dance classes, going on excursions to different parts of Peru and even doing volunteer work.

To develop a good personal project, I recommend that the topic you choose is linked to some extracurricular activity you decide to do, so this way you can match your project with your personal experience.

 Here are some examples of past projects:

• A former exchange student, Joe, who was part of the swimming team of his home university, decided to choose “Peruvian university swimming competitions” as a topic for his personal project. He even joined the PUCP swimming team in order to make his exchange experience better. He did some research on university swimming competitions in Peru and did some interviews and surveys to his teammates and coaches in order to write his project essay. In addition, for his final presentation, he showed photos and videos of his training and competitions he participated in during his exchange. His major was International Studies.

• Erin, another former student, was interested in applying to medical school at her home university, chose 'Amazonian natural medicine' as the main topic for her personal project. She had the opportunity to participate in an excursion to the Peruvian jungle, which was organized by EdOdyssey and visited some treatment and rehabilitation centers. At the centers, she had some interviews with medical specialists and collected important information on the topic in order to write her essay and make her final presentation. Her major at her home university was Anthropology.

What impact will my Personal Project have on my career?

Identify how your personal project will add value to your career. For example, when you graduate or when you get a job in the future, how will your Personal Project help you? Are you potentially thinking about a Masters program? 

Don’t forget about your big picture goals and ambitions, and how this project can help serve you to accomplish those goals!

STEP 2: Investigation & Research

Your personal project will have a significant impact on your exchange, so it is important that you dedicate time and effort in order to succeed. Please keep in mind that I’m here to help all students succeed, but please take note of the following tips so you can have the most fun possible with this project!

Be organized: When you start researching your topic, you need to get yourself organized. I recommend that you create a monthly schedule that includes the tasks you must do and the amount of time you will spend on those tasks. 

This will help you to focus on the project and you won’t miss out on your other academic activities.

Step by step: The development of the personal project happens throughout the semester so it will take you a few months to complete it. It is important that you identify the parts of the project and set weekly assignments and goals.

Support: During the semester, you will have my advice and support in the development of your project. We will have weekly meetings that will allow you to present updates and advances with me soI can provide you with feedback  to guide you and improve your project.

Stay calm: Doing your personal project is not an easy task, so it is okay if you feel a little overwhelmed during the process. Remember to stay calm, take a deep breath and reach out to me if you have questions. If you’re proactive during the semester, and keep an open line of communication with me, you’ll enjoy the process and create a better project!

STEP 3: Final Presentation

At the end of the semester, you should present your personal project with your exchange colleagues in order to share your experience and receive feedback. For the final presentation, I recommend that you and all students studying abroad with EdOdyssey complete following:

Style Points: Present your project in a creative and eye-catching way so your fellow students pay attention and get curious about your topic. You’re encouraged to  include photos or videos from the beginning and final stages of your project.

Final Presentation Duration: Your presentation should last approximately 10 minutes. You will include the objective, development and conclusions of your project.

Demeanor: Feel comfortable and relaxed so you can give a confident image to your audience.

Your personal project will bring together your passions, academic skills and knowledge in order to have the best exchange experience abroad. Remember to focus on the three steps described: the choice of topic, the  research and the final presentation, taking into account the time and effort that each one will take.

With proper organization, strong motivation and a good guidance,  you will be able to develop an excellent project that will have a valuable contribution to your professional career!

Ready to get started?

Black History Month: The Importance of American Black Leadership in the World

February is Black History Month, and to celebrate it, you’ll learn about how travel experiences abroad have influenced and made an impact on the lives of American black leaders. 

These leaders provide us with meaningful quotes that give us as readers insights from interviews, speeches and written memoirs. Their experiences come from short term travel and relocating to a new country. 

They’ve happened at different times and in countries all around the world. 

Obama to Spain 

After Obama graduated college, he went to Europe before visiting his father’s homeland of Kenya. Obama recounted his stop in Spain to the British Broadcasting Company (BBC):

“...we arrived in Barcelona and it was just daybreak, and I remember walking towards the Ramblas, towards town, and the sun was coming up. And so, those kinds of trips are memorable because they’re part of you as a young person trying to discover what your place in the world is.”

At the end of the president’s 2nd term in July 2016, Obama returned to Spain for a visit and met with the king. 

“Travel also reminds us of what we share and what we have become – the ability for us to recognise ourselves in each other”

For some leaders, these experiences have been shorter immersion experiences, but for others, it has been much more of a longer term immersion experience. 

Kamala Harris in Montreal

Original photos courtesy of @kamalaharris instagram (left) and English Montreal School Board Facebook (right)

When Vice President Kamala Harris was growing up, her mother worked at a local university in Montreal and Vice President Harris spent a good portion of her childhood in Montreal. 

According to the L.A Times, Harris attended most of secondary school (7th grade - senior year of high school) in Montreal and its Westmount neighborhood. Harris graduated from Westmount High School in 1981.

“I used to joke that I felt like a duck because all day long at our new school I'd be saying 'Quoi? Quoi? Quoi?'” - Kamala Harris in her 2019 Memoir “The Truths We Hold: An American Journey”

Based on Harris’ quote, we see the universal challenge of travel that comes from learning a language and a sense of the cultural assimilation that takes place when moving to a new country. 

During Vice President Kamala Harris’ first days in office, she made one of her first international calls to Canadian Prime Minister Justin Treadeau. These travel experiences abroad have created an ability to strengthen international relationships. 

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. In Berlin 

When Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. visited the Berlin Wall, it was less than five years old and John F. Kennedy had been assassinated within recent memory. Dr. King gave a moving speech that focused on the call for unity around the world. 

Original photo courtesy of PhotoQuest—Getty Images

“There is no East, no West, no North, no South, but one great fellowship of love throughout the whole, wide world.” 

“Men and women search for meaning, hope for fulfillment, yearn for faith in something beyond themselves, and cry desperately for love and community to support them in this pilgrim journey.”

He called to break down the barriers that were separating people and to find meaning in literal and figurative common ground, given that Jim Crow laws and segregation still existed at the time of his speech.  

In the honor of late Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., many countries around the world have incorporated his name on streets and in public spaces around the world.  

The words and connections that American black leaders have made around the world continue to leave an indelible mark on global community. Their work and effort to break down barriers and bring the world closer together resonates with our organization’s motto: “Through international exposure, we mature to be a more understanding, respectful, and impassioned world.” We will only grow and truly embrace that maturation as a worldwide community if black voices and the black community have the support of all organizations in our space. 

The importance of organizations that support diversity and inclusion, and during this month particularly, organizations that support black students and students of color. In the field of international education, diverse student representation in study abroad matters, and with that in mind, we ask that you please support our friends the following organizations:

Teens of Color Abroad

Diversity Abroad

URep Abroad

Did we miss a great organization that we should add to the list? Please email Joe Meringolo (joe@edodyssey.com)

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Sources:

Belfer, Ilana. “Kamala Harris’ Montreal High School Posted Her Yearbook Photos From 1981.” MTL Blog, 8 Nov. 2020, www.mtlblog.com/en-ca/news/montreal/kamala-harris-montreal-high-school-posted-her-yearbook-photos-from-1981.

Bilefsky, Dan. “Kamala Harris’s ‘Canadian Dream.’” The New York Times, 3 Nov. 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/10/09/world/canada/kamala-harris-canada.html.

Harris, Nadia-Elysse. “Martin Luther King, Jr. Traveled About 6 Million Miles Between 1957 And 1968.” TravelNoire, 18 Jan. 2019, travelnoire.com/martin-luther-king-jr-traveled-about-6-million-miles-between-1957-and-1968.

MacDonald, Thomas. “Former Montrealer VP Kamala Harris Spoke About Her Time In The City With Trudeau.” MTL Blog, 2 Feb. 2021, www.mtlblog.com/en-ca/news/montreal/former-montrealer-vp-kamala-harris-spoke-about-her-time-in-the-city-with-trudeau.

Reynolds, Christopher. “The 5 Places That Shaped Kamala Harris, Including Montreal.” Los Angeles Times, 9 Nov. 2020, www.latimes.com/travel/story/2020-08-11/five-places-that-have-shaped-kamala-harris.

Selena Ross, and Selena Ross. “‘How Canadian Is She?’ Probably More than You Think, Say Kamala Harris’ One-Time Montreal Classmates.” Montreal, 12 Aug. 2020, montreal.ctvnews.ca/how-canadian-is-she-probably-more-than-you-think-say-kamala-harris-one-time-montreal-classmates-1.5060720.

Wazman, Olivia. “What Martin Luther King Jr. Said About Walls During His 1964 Visit to Berlin.” Time, 18 Jan. 2019, time.com/5504826/martin-luther-king-wall-history.

Williams, Yohuru. “Martin Luther King and ‘God’s Children’ on Both Sides of the Border Wall.” Progressive.Org, 9 May 2019, progressive.org/dispatches/martin-luther-king-gods-children-borderwall-Williams-190115.